The first concept to understand is that there are nominal and actual tire sizes. A tire known as a 33" (nominal) is really only ever around 31.5" actual. Refer to it by it's nominal for least amount of confusing. A 285/70R17 is a nominal 32.7" tire which is close enough that it is known as a 33". It will only measure out to around 31.5", which is normal and expected. You are perfectly good to call what you have, "33s"
A good way to get a feel for it is to compare rev/mile numbers. A 285/70R17 will have almost the exact same rev per mile measurement that any 33x will have. They are for all intents and purposes the same height. Just like 265/70R17 is a 32, 265/65R17 is a 31, etc., even though the latter two are known as 31.5 and 30.5, the rounded-up number is close to the flotation or inch size equivalents.