Those are called Wellnuts. We used them to hold the windscreens on superbikes. They are essentially a rubber nutsert, and they’re used when removability or vibration damping is required. Unfortunately, I doubt you’ll get them airtight. It’ll be a slow leak, like a nail in a tire.
I hope I’m wrong, though!
A flat tire patch over the hole on the inside should work if you can get the cement to stick to the wheel.
Or a metal patch glued on. Could use epoxy, or a sealant like 3M 5200.
A well nut sufficiently gooped up with sealant should work. A blob under the gorilla tape may do the trick.
